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Title: Philosophy/History of Philosophy/19th Century/Egoism - Wofford | Egoism Article on the varieties of egoism.
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EgoismVarieties of EgoismEgoism is a teleological theory of ethics that sets asits goal the benefit, pleasure, or greatest good of the oneself alone.It is contrasted with altruism, which is not strictly self-interested,but includes in its goal the interests of others as well. There are atleast three different ways in which the theory of egoism can be presented: Psychological Egoism-- This is the claim that humansby nature are motivated only by self-interest . Any act, no matterhow altruistic it might seem, is actually motivated by some selfish desireof the agent (e.g., desire for reward, avoidance of guilt, personal happiness).This is a descriptive claim about human nature. Since the claimis universal--all acts are motivated by self interest--it could be provenfalse by a single counterexample.It will be difficult to find an action that the psychological egoistwill acknowledge as purely altruistic, however. There is almost alwayssome benefit to ourselves in any action we choose. For example, if I helpedmy friend out of trouble, I may feel happy afterwards. But is that happinessthe motive for my action or just a result of it? Perhaps the psychologicalegoist fails to distinguish the beneficial consequences of an action fromthe self-interested motivation. After all, why would it make me happy tosee my friend out of trouble if I didn't already have some prior concernfor my friend's best interest? Wouldn't that be altruism? Ethical Egoism-- This is the claim that individualsshould always to act in their own best interest. It is a normativeclaim . If ethical egoism is true, that appears to imply that psychologicalegoism is false: there would be no point to saying that we ought to dowhat we must do by nature.But if altruism is possible, why should it be avoided? Some writerssuggest we all should focus our resources on satisfying our own interests,rather than those of others. Society will then be more efficient and thiswill better serve the interests of all. By referring to the interests ofall, however, this approach reveals itself to be a version of utilitarianism,and not genuine egoism. It is merely a theory about how best to achievethe greatest good for the greatest number.An alternative formulation of ethical egoism states that I ought toact in my own self-interest--even if this conflicts with the values andinterests of others--simply because that is what I value most. It is notclear how an altruist could argue with such an individualistic ethicalegoist, but it is also not clear that such an egoist should choose to arguewith the altruist. Since the individualistic egoist believes thatwhatever serves his own interests is (morally) right, he will want everyoneelse to be altruistic. Otherwise they would not serve the egoist'sinterests! It seems that anyone who truly believed in individualistic ethicalegoism could not promote the theory without inconsistency. Indeed, theself-interest of the egoist is best served by publicly claiming to be analtruist and thereby keeping everyone's good favor. Minimalist Egoism-- When working with certain economicor sociological models, we may frequently assume that people will act insuch a way as to promote their own interests. This is not a normativeclaim and usually not even a descriptive claim. Instead it is a minimalistassumption used for certain calculations. If we assume only self-intereston the part of all agents, we can determine certain extreme-case (e.g.,maximin) outcomes for the model. Implicit in this assumption, althoughnot always stated, is the idea that altruistic behavior on the part ofthe agents, although not presupposed, would yield outcomes at least asgood and probably better.  Copyright © 1997 Charles D.Kay. All rights reserved.rev. January 20, 1997 |
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